Answer :

1. Introduction 

In this study, Telstra Corporation Ltd has been selected for the development of a new marketing entry strategy report for the business expansion in two other countries. Telstra Corporation Ltd is a large telecommunication industry in the Australian region, which was established in 1975. It generally operates the telecommunication networks, mobile network connection, internet access, television network products and services. The main motto of the company is to spread their business in other countries to focus on increasing more customer base. The total employees as per 2017 report were around 32,000 and it serves their service a number of countries in the world (Telstra - mobile phones, prepaid phones, broadband, internet, home phones, business phones. 2018). The aim of the study is to demonstrate and identify the market strategies of Japan and Italy to help for generating the decision-making process to decide which country will be beneficial for market expansion of Telstra Corporation Limited.

1.1. Identification of the Two Countries

In order to construct the entire report of market entry strategies of Telstra, it is required to select two different countries from both Europe and Asia. The company is selected one Asian country, which is Japan and one European country, which is Italy to introduce their product and services by entering their market. The reason for selecting these two countries are the developing growth in technology and the population of both countries is suitable for the expansion of telecommunication business.

2. Analysis of Current Macro-environmental and Geopolitical Forces of Each Country 

Micro-environmental factors are those which create an impact on any business externally. Four factors are there commonly known as PESTEL (political environmental factors, economic factors, social factors, technological factors, environmental factors and legal factors) which are used to determine the business orientation as per profitability and productivity (Telstra - mobile phones, prepaid phones, broadband, internet, home phones, business phones. 2018). 

2.1. Macro-environmental factors

2.2. Geopolitical forces of Japan: 

Geopolitical forces including three factors such as geo-cultural forces, geo-economic forces, and geo-environmental forces. Geopolitical forces indicate the all total factors in order to illustrate the business rules as per the government legislation, change in cultural aspect and operation in an economy of a country. Japan is a natural hazard-prone country which makes a big impact in business segmentation for an organization. The government of Japan is flexible and supportive in terms of trade and economic growth. However, the population of Japan becomes high and the percentage of the unemployment also becomes a higher issue in Japan. The overall business environment lapses for the unsuitable climate of the country which also impact on the industry plantation and availability of raw materials. Moreover, Japan with its bad climate, natural hazards and the high population growth faces geopolitical challenges in terms of maintaining the diversity of the economy. Furthermore, in a technological area, Japan becomes much better as a strong competitor for their aggression of high export business and develops the regional security (O'Grady & Morgan, 2017).

2.3. Geopolitical forces of Italy:  

The geopolitical factors of Italy are the high military protection in the border which is allocated to protect the country in terms of import and export purposes. The development in the technology industry of Italy has the high potentiality to compete with other countries. The climate of the country is suitable for residential purpose as well as the industrial development purpose. The availability of raw materials is high because of the geographical environment impact on its business industries (Ahmadi & Zamani, 2016). The government of Italy believes in democracy and thus the implementation of the business orientation has increased as per diversification of healthy administration of the government. However, the government of Italy can impose the tax up to 43% in order to the diversification of the challenging environment of the industries. The country is also strong in the logistic part and set some rules and regulation which are required to maintain by all the people of the country and also the outsider who have been planned to open their own business and take the advantages to become successful (Corrigan, 2016). 

3. Trade and Business Policy 

3.1. Trade and Business Policy of Japan: 

The Ministry of Economy and Industry in Japan has organized and developed different agencies and bureaus to imply the effective workflow and distribute different policies to maintain the countries business culture well organized. The trade policies of Japan are divided both functional and geographical areas to consist the business infrastructure as well as the administrative responsibilities of the country. Usage of license for import goods are not mandatory in Japan, however, an import license is required in some certain products, such as fishery products, hazardous products, animal products and many more. The foreign investment of Japan attracts the other countries to collaborate with them for the reason of the total inward FDI stock JPY 24.4 trillion and JPY 35 trillion in the year of 2015 and 2016 respectively. The slight increase in FDI stocks indicates the economical upgradation as per business implementation. Some certain products such as, narcotics, firearms, explosives, and products which are against the violent property law are highly prohibited in the country. Furthermore, Japan imposes a restriction on the sale of certain products which are certain medicines, pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, and chemicals to mitigate the negative impact on the culture and economy of the country. According to Japan's custom act, some products are restricted and also verified and checked for suitability of import function before the shipment of the products and services. As per the agreement of WTO information technology Japan is one of the countries who have agreed to eliminate tariffs from most of the IT products. The consumption tax is 8% as per customs duties protocol. Thus the percentage of tariffs in Japan is basically low for the implementation of a set of regulations (Inaguma et al. 2017).

3.2. Trade and Business Policy of Italy: 

In the year of 2017, Italy was nominated for the 6th largest investors’ country in Europe. The charge of customs duties is applied to all the products which are imported into Italy. The value-added tax is added during the cost of the imported products and insurance, freight charges are also added. The general rate of the VAT is 22%, however, it reduces up to 10% on certain items. The FDI flows were raised about $17 billion in the year 2017 which indicates around 23% decrease in comparison to the last year. However, some investigations evaluate that the chances of the growth of FDI stocks will increase in next year. Italy has implied certain restrictions such as all the hazardous products, explosives, weapons, and war instruments require the export permits and an import license. As per EU territory, animal products are required to be approved by EU and it is also important to do systematic check before the entry in the country. Agricultural products which are imported like vegetables, whole grains are required to be tested by the Ministry of Health of the country. Trade and industries are very much potential in order to give a strong competition. The total imports from Italy have increased by almost 34% for mainly three items, which are machinery, vehicles, and beverages (Matsushita, Schoenbaum, Mavroidis & Hahn, 2015). 

4. Assessment of the potential dangers, risks, and opportunities in the current or short-term policies of each country 

This section implies the overall dangers in the business environment in both the countries, total market risks which will indicate the future access of new business and the possible opportunities which helps to grow the mechanism in the market orientation. Telstra Corporation Limited is required to evaluate the business environment in order to extend the telecommunication business. As per the previous illustration, it indicates that the opportunities of Japan are high in comparison to Italy. However the competition is much higher in Japan for the huge improvement in telecommunication, on the other hand, Italy tries to develop in telecommunication which indicates the opportunities for Telstra as a new entry. Furthermore, the import and export barriers are much higher in Italy. The population of Japan is much higher than Italy which indicates the availability of market capitalization in terms of productivity as well as the profitability of the business. Moreover, the entire research work helps the Australian based company to extend their business to globalisation (Towle, Tolliver,  Bui, Warner & Van Dyke, 2015).  

5. Conclusion

In accordance with this study, it has been identified that Telstra Corporation Limited is required to extend their telecommunication business in Japan instead of Italy. The opportunities of Japan are much prominent in compare to Italy, as the growth of the telecommunication industries is vastly increased. The scope of the expansions is much higher for the availability of manpower and work culture of the country. Furthermore, the increase in mobile and network industries have increased in Japan and the utility and demand of the telecommunication industries have risen in terms of productivity. The government is much flexible and the restrictions are limited. Thus the company has been recommended to select Japan for expansion of their market and implement the strategies to become successful in the telecommunication sector.